|
American urban politics refers to politics within cities of the United States of America. City governments, run by mayors or city councils, hold a restricted amount of governing power. State and federal governments have been granted a large portion of city governance as laid out in the U.S. Constitution. The small remaining power held by individual cities becomes a target of numerous outside influences such as large corporations and real-estate developers. American Urban Politics determine the socio-economic make-up of urban neighborhoods and contribute to the ever present disparity between Urban America and Suburban America. == Local power distribution == Three main systems of city government describe local power distribution in the United States: mayor-council systems, the commission plan and the council-manager plan.〔Levine, Myron A. and Bernard H. Ross. Urban Politics : Power in Metropolitan America. p 140. 7th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.〕 The mayor–council government has two variants, the weak-mayor system and the strong-mayor system. Under the weak-mayor system the mayor has extremely limited power and is forced to share power with other locally elected officials. The strong-mayor system allows the mayor to appoint certain officials and gives the mayor some veto powers.〔Levine, Myron A. and Bernard H. Ross. Urban Politics : Power in Metropolitan America. p 141. 7th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.〕 Some communities have given the mayor additional veto, appointment, or reporting authorities, with some granting their mayors the power to initiate hiring or involuntary termination of the professional manager.〔Hansell Jr., William H. "Council-Manager Government: Alive and Leading Today's Best-Managed Communities." National Civic Review 90.1 (2001): 41.〕 A city commission government consists of five to nine elected members of a city council who also serve as the heads of major city departments.〔Levine, Myron A. and Bernard H. Ross. Urban Politics : Power in Metropolitan America. p 145. 7th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.〕 This form of government blends legislative and executive branch functions in the same body. Proponents of the council-manager form typically consider the city commission form to be the predecessor of, not the alternative to, the council-manager form of government. City governments search for an equilibrium in their relations with the external environment.Urban politics is politics in and about cities. This term refers to the diverse political structure that occurs in urban areas where there is diversity in both race and socio-economic status. City governments search for an equilibrium in their relations with the external environment. A city government's orientation reflects both its leaders' aspirations and its tax-services balance. politics plays an important role in explaining the path and direction a city chooses. A city's economic development functions and for the political decision to mobilize public capital. City investment in, and regulation of, development projects is the most effective means by which a city controls and molds its growth in pursuit of its future cityscape.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Imagining Cityscapes: The Politics of Urban Development (Land Lines Article) )〕 A council–manager government consists of a city council that appoints a professionally trained manager who is given responsibility for running the daily affairs of the city. The city council possesses the authority to remove any unsatisfactory manager at any time needed.〔Levine, Myron A. and Bernard H. Ross. Urban Politics : Power in Metropolitan America. p 146. 7th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.〕 For nearly ninety years, the council-manager form has successfully adapted to American community needs. Cities and counties are not static; the changes taking place in them involve the core of our values. Professional managers and the council-manager form continue to evolve such that today, as in the early twentieth century, this system offers government of the people, by the people, and for the people. In short, council-manager government is a system of reform that will continue to serve communities well in the twenty-first century.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Urban politics in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|